Periodontal (gum) disease is caused by plaque, a colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth. Plaque is most harmful when these bacteria form into colonies, which takes about 24 hours. If not removed daily, plaque mixes with sugars and starches in the diet to form acids and other by-products in the saliva. Paque irritates the gums, causing them to become red, tender and swollen. It also causes the gums to bleed easily. If not removed, plaque hardens to form calculus (tartar) around the necks of the teeth.

Eventually, the tissue that attaches the gums to the teeth is destroyed by the irritants in plaque. The gums pull away from the teeth and small pockets become filled with more plaque. Eventually, the jawbone supporting the teeth is destroyed.

Periodontal disease is usually a slow, painless, progressive disease. Most adults with gum disease are unaware that they have it. However, if diagnosed early, the teeth can be saved.

Other Causes of Periodontal Disease:

In addition to plaque, a number of factors contribute to gum disease including:

Physical and chemical irritants - impacted food, smoking, chewing tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption, improper use of dental floss and toothpicks.
Oral conditions or habits that cause abnormal stress on mouth tissues - badly aligned teeth, poor fitting bridges or partial dentures, defective fillings; also habits such as grinding or clenching the teeth, or chewing ice.
Unbalanced diet - evidence shows a link between nutritional deficiency and the body's ability to fight off infection. Vitamin C deficiency has been linked to gum disease.
Pregnancy - increased hormone levels may aggravate a condition commonly referred to as "pregnancy gingivitis"
Diseases - diabetes, uremia, liver cirrhosis, AIDS, anemia and leukemia may affect the health of your gums.
Certain medications - oral contraceptives, anti-epilepsy drugs, steroids and cancer therapy drugs may also affect the gums.

What are the signs?

Gums that bleed when you brush your teeth
Red, swollen or tender gums
Gums that have receded or shrunken away from your teeth
Pus between your teeth and gums when you press your gums with your finger
Teeth that seem loose or that change position;often the fron teeth tend to "fan" out
A change in your bite
A change in the way your partial dentures fit
Bad breath or a chronic bad taste in your mouth

Diagnosis:

Of course, the only way to confirm a diagnosis of periodontal disease is to have your mouth thoroughly examined, and the necessary oral X-rays taken. We also recommend a thorough prophylaxis( tooth cleaning) for all adults at least twice a year. At that time we may use a special instrument called a periodontal probe to measure the depth of the crevice( pocket) - the space between the tooth and the gum tissue. Pocket depth measurement, clinical examination and X-rays determine the precise extent of gum disease.

Treatment:

The type of treatment you require depends on how advanced your particular case is. Individualized treatment may include any of the following:

Scaling and root planning. Scaling is removing the calculus deposits from your teeth; root planing is the smoothing of the root surfaces so that the gum tissue can reattach to the tooth.
Curettage removes the soft tissue lining the periodontal pocket. This helps the gum tissue to heal.
Gingivectomy is surgical removal of the periodontal pockets when the disease does not involve the jaw bone.
Flap surgery allows us to gain access to the root of the tooth for removal of calculus, plaque and diseased tissue. The gum is then secured back into place. Flap surgery is sometimes accompanied by osseous (bone) surgery, in which the bone around the tooth is reshaped or part of it is removed.

More than half of all adults aged 35 and over have the early stages of this disease. Three out of four adults are eventually affected by it. Periodontal disease is the primary cause of lost teeth after age 35. The good news is that there are steps you can take to prevent periodontal disease in your mouth. If caught in its early stages, gum disease can be reversed.

Thoroughly brush and floss
Eat well-balanced meals
Examine your mouth regularly
Visit us at least twice a year

For commonly asked questions and concerns about your recent periodontal (gum) therapy please see our postoperative care page.